Linear Gate Level Cross-Coupled Transistor Device with Cross-Coupled Transistors Defined on Two Gate Electrode Tracks with Crossing Gate Electrode Connections

ABSTRACT

A semiconductor device includes conductive features within a gate electrode level region that are each fabricated from a respective originating rectangular-shaped layout feature having a centerline aligned parallel to a first direction. The conductive features form gate electrodes of first and second PMOS transistor devices, and first and second NMOS transistor devices. The gate electrodes of the first PMOS and first NMOS transistor devices extend along a first gate electrode track. The gate electrodes of the second PMOS and second NMOS transistor devices extend along a second gate electrode track. A first set of interconnected conductors electrically connect the gate electrodes of the first PMOS and second NMOS transistor devices. A second set of interconnected conductors electrically connect the gate electrodes of the second PMOS and first NMOS transistor devices. The first and second sets of interconnected conductors traverse across each other within different levels of the semiconductor device.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation application under 35 U.S.C. 120 ofprior U.S. application Ser. No. 12/402,465, filed Mar. 11, 2009, andentitled “Cross-Coupled Transistor Layouts in Restricted Gate LevelLayout Architecture,” which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) toU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/036,460, filed Mar. 13, 2008,entitled “Cross-Coupled Transistor Layouts Using Linear Gate LevelFeatures,” and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/042,709,filed Apr. 4, 2008, entitled “Cross-Coupled Transistor Layouts UsingLinear Gate Level Features,” and to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/045,953, filed Apr. 17, 2008, entitled “Cross-Coupled TransistorLayouts Using Linear Gate Level Features,” and to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/050,136, filed May 2, 2008, entitled“Cross-Coupled Transistor Layouts Using Linear Gate Level Features.” Thedisclosure of each above-identified patent application is incorporatedin its entirety herein by reference.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to each application identified in the tablebelow. The disclosure of each application identified in the table belowis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Attorney Application Filing Docket No. Title No. Date TELAP015AC1 LinearGate Level Cross-Coupled To Be To Be Transistor Device with DirectDetermined Determined Electrical Connection of Cross- CoupledTransistors to Common Diffusion Node TELAP015AC2 Linear Gate LevelCross-Coupled To Be To Be Transistor Device with Contiguous p-Determined Determined type Diffusion Regions and Contiguous n-typeDiffusion Regions TELAP015AC3 Linear Gate Level Cross-Coupled To Be ToBe Transistor Device with Overlapping Determined Determined PMOSTransistors and Overlapping NMOS Transistors Relative to Direction ofGate Electrodes TELAP015AC4 Linear Gate Level Cross-Coupled To Be To BeTransistor Device with Non- Determined Determined Overlapping PMOSTransistors and Overlapping NMOS Transistors Relative to Direction ofGate Electrodes TELAP015AC5 Linear Gate Level Cross-Coupled To Be To BeTransistor Device with Overlapping Determined Determined PMOSTransistors and Non- Overlapping NMOS Transistors Relative to Directionof Gate Electrodes TELAP015AC6 Linear Gate Level Cross-Coupled To Be ToBe Transistor Device with Non- Determined Determined Overlapping PMOSTransistors and Non-Overlapping NMOS Transistors Relative to Directionof Gate Electrodes TELAP015AC7 Linear Gate Level Cross-Coupled To Be ToBe Transistor Device with Equal Width Determined Determined PMOSTransistors and Equal Width NMOS Transistors TELAP015AC8 Linear GateLevel Cross-Coupled To Be To Be Transistor Device with DifferentDetermined Determined Width PMOS Transistors and Different Width NMOSTransistors TELAP015AC9 Linear Gate Level Cross-Coupled To Be To BeTransistor Device with Connection Determined Determined BetweenCross-Coupled Transistor Gate Electrodes Made Utilizing InterconnectLevel Other than Gate Electrode Level TELAP015AC10 Linear Gate LevelCross-Coupled To Be To Be Transistor Device with Constant GateDetermined Determined Electrode Pitch TELAP015AC11 Linear Gate LevelCross-Coupled To Be To Be Transistor Device with Determined DeterminedComplimentary Pairs of Cross- Coupled Transistors Defined by PhysicallySeparate Gate Electrodes within Gate Electrode Level TELAP015AC13 LinearGate Level Cross-Coupled To Be To Be Transistor Device withCross-Coupled Determined Determined Transistors Defined on Three GateElectrode Tracks with Crossing Gate Electrode Connections TELAP015AC14Linear Gate Level Cross-Coupled To Be To Be Transistor Device withCross-Coupled Determined Determined Transistors Defined on Four GateElectrode Tracks with Crossing Gate Electrode Connections TELAP015AC15Linear Gate Level Cross-Coupled To Be To Be Transistor Device withCross-Coupled Determined Determined Transistor Gate ElectrodeConnections Made Using Linear First Interconnect Level above GateElectrode Level TELAP015AC16 Channelized Gate Level Cross- To Be To BeCoupled Transistor Device with Direct Determined Determined ElectricalConnection of Cross- Coupled Transistors to Common Diffusion NodeTELAP015AC17 Channelized Gate Level Cross- To Be To Be CoupledTransistor Device with Determined Determined Contiguous p-type DiffusionRegions and Contiguous n-type Diffusion Regions TELAP015AC18 ChannelizedGate Level Cross- To Be To Be Coupled Transistor Device with DeterminedDetermined Overlapping PMOS Transistors and Overlapping NMOS TransistorsRelative to Direction of Gate Electrodes TELAP015AC19 Channelized GateLevel Cross- To Be To Be Coupled Transistor Device with Non- DeterminedDetermined Overlapping PMOS Transistors and Overlapping NMOS TransistorsRelative to Direction of Gate Electrodes TELAP015AC20 Channelized GateLevel Cross- To Be To Be Coupled Transistor Device with DeterminedDetermined Overlapping PMOS Transistors and Non-Overlapping NMOSTransistors Relative to Direction of Gate Electrodes TELAP015AC21Channelized Gate Level Cross- To Be To Be Coupled Transistor Device withNon- Determined Determined Overlapping PMOS Transistors andNon-Overlapping NMOS Transistors Relative to Direction of GateElectrodes TELAP015AC22 Channelized Gate Level Cross- To Be To BeCoupled Transistor Device with Equal Determined Determined Width PMOSTransistors and Equal Width NMOS Transistors TELAP015AC23 ChannelizedGate Level Cross- To Be To Be Coupled Transistor Device with DeterminedDetermined Different Width PMOS Transistors and Different Width NMOSTransistors TELAP015AC24 Channelized Gate Level Cross- To Be To BeCoupled Transistor Device with Determined Determined Connection BetweenCross-Coupled Transistor Gate Electrodes Made Utilizing InterconnectLevel Other than Gate Electrode Level TELAP015AC25 Channelized GateLevel Cross- To Be To Be Coupled Transistor Device with DeterminedDetermined Constant Gate Electrode Pitch TELAP015AC26 Channelized GateLevel Cross- To Be To Be Coupled Transistor Device with DeterminedDetermined Complimentary Pairs of Cross-Coupled Transistors Defined byPhysically Separate Gate Electrodes within Gate Electrode LevelTELAP015AC27 Channelized Gate Level Cross- To Be To Be CoupledTransistor Device with Cross- Determined Determined Coupled TransistorsDefined on Two Gate Electrode Tracks with Crossing Gate ElectrodeConnections TELAP015AC28 Channelized Gate Level Cross- To Be To BeCoupled Transistor Device with Cross- Determined Determined CoupledTransistors Defined on Three Gate Electrode Tracks with Crossing GateElectrode Connections TELAP015AC29 Channelized Gate Level Cross- To BeTo Be Coupled Transistor Device with Cross- Determined DeterminedCoupled Transistors Defined on Four Gate Electrode Tracks with CrossingGate Electrode Connections TELAP015AC30 Channelized Gate Level Cross- ToBe To Be Coupled Transistor Device with Cross- Determined DeterminedCoupled Transistor Gate Electrode Connections Made Using Linear FirstInterconnect Level above Gate Electrode Level

BACKGROUND

A push for higher performance and smaller die size drives thesemiconductor industry to reduce circuit chip area by approximately 50%every two years. The chip area reduction provides an economic benefitfor migrating to newer technologies. The 50% chip area reduction isachieved by reducing the feature sizes between 25% and 30%. Thereduction in feature size is enabled by improvements in manufacturingequipment and materials. For example, improvement in the lithographicprocess has enabled smaller feature sizes to be achieved, whileimprovement in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has in-part enabled ahigher number of interconnect layers.

In the evolution of lithography, as the minimum feature size approachedthe wavelength of the light source used to expose the feature shapes,unintended interactions occurred between neighboring features. Todayminimum feature sizes are approaching 45 nm (nanometers), while thewavelength of the light source used in the photolithography processremains at 193 nm. The difference between the minimum feature size andthe wavelength of light used in the photolithography process is definedas the lithographic gap. As the lithographic gap grows, the resolutioncapability of the lithographic process decreases.

An interference pattern occurs as each shape on the mask interacts withthe light. The interference patterns from neighboring shapes can createconstructive or destructive interference. In the case of constructiveinterference, unwanted shapes may be inadvertently created. In the caseof destructive interference, desired shapes may be inadvertentlyremoved. In either case, a particular shape is printed in a differentmanner than intended, possibly causing a device failure. Correctionmethodologies, such as optical proximity correction (OPC), attempt topredict the impact from neighboring shapes and modify the mask such thatthe printed shape is fabricated as desired. The quality of the lightinteraction prediction is declining as process geometries shrink and asthe light interactions become more complex.

In view of the foregoing, a solution is needed for managing lithographicgap issues as technology continues to progress toward smallersemiconductor device features sizes.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a semiconductor device is disclosed. Thesemiconductor device includes a substrate having a portion of thesubstrate formed to include a plurality of diffusion regions. Theplurality of diffusion regions respectively correspond to active areasof the portion of the substrate within which one or more processes areapplied to modify one or more electrical characteristics of the activeareas of the portion of the substrate. The plurality of diffusionregions include a first p-type diffusion region, a second p-typediffusion region, a first n-type diffusion region, and a second n-typediffusion region. The first p-type diffusion region includes a firstp-type active area electrically connected to a common node. The secondp-type diffusion region includes a second p-type active areaelectrically connected to the common node. The first n-type diffusionregion includes a first n-type active area electrically connected to thecommon node. The second n-type diffusion region includes a second n-typeactive area electrically connected to the common node.

The semiconductor device also includes a gate electrode level regionformed above the portion of the substrate. The gate electrode levelregion includes a number of conductive features defined to extend overthe substrate in only a first parallel direction. Each of the number ofconductive features within the gate electrode level region is fabricatedfrom a respective originating rectangular-shaped layout feature, suchthat a centerline of each respective originating rectangular-shapedlayout feature is aligned with a corresponding gate electrode trackextending across the substrate the first parallel direction. The numberof conductive features include conductive features that respectivelyform a first PMOS transistor device gate electrode, a second PMOStransistor device gate electrode, a first NMOS transistor device gateelectrode, and a second NMOS transistor device gate electrode.

The first PMOS transistor device gate electrode is formed to extendalong a first gate electrode track over the first p-type diffusionregion to electrically interface with the first p-type active area andthereby form a first PMOS transistor device. The second PMOS transistordevice gate electrode is formed to extend along a second gate electrodetrack over the second p-type diffusion region to electrically interfacewith the second p-type active area and thereby form a second PMOStransistor device. The first NMOS transistor device gate electrode isformed to extend along the first gate electrode track over the firstn-type diffusion region to electrically interface with the first n-typeactive area and thereby form a first NMOS transistor device. The secondNMOS transistor device gate electrode is formed to extend along thesecond gate electrode track over the second n-type diffusion region toelectrically interface with the second n-type active area and therebyform a second NMOS transistor device.

The first PMOS transistor device gate electrode is electricallyconnected to the second NMOS transistor device gate electrode through afirst set of interconnected conductors. The second PMOS transistordevice gate electrode is electrically connected to the first NMOStransistor device gate electrode through a second set of interconnectedconductors. The first and second sets of interconnected conductorstraverse across each other within different levels of the semiconductorchip. The first PMOS transistor device, the second PMOS transistordevice, the first NMOS transistor device, and the second NMOS transistordevice define a cross-coupled transistor configuration having commonlyoriented gate electrodes formed from respective rectangular-shapedlayout features.

Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become more apparentfrom the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the presentinvention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows an SRAM bit cell circuit, in accordance with the priorart;

FIG. 1B shows the SRAM bit cell of FIG. 1A with the inverters expandedto reveal their respective internal transistor configurations, inaccordance with the prior art;

FIG. 2 shows a cross-coupled transistor configuration, in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3A shows an example of gate electrode tracks defined within therestricted gate level layout architecture, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3B shows the exemplary restricted gate level layout architecture ofFIG. 3A with a number of exemplary gate level features defined therein,in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows diffusion and gate level layouts of a cross-coupledtransistor configuration, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 5 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon three gate electrode tracks with crossing gate electrode connections;

FIG. 6 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon four gate electrode tracks with crossing gate electrode connections;

FIG. 7 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon two gate electrode tracks without crossing gate electrodeconnections;

FIG. 8 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon three gate electrode tracks without crossing gate electrodeconnections;

FIG. 9 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon four gate electrode tracks without crossing gate electrodeconnections;

FIG. 10 shows a multi-level layout including a cross-coupled transistorconfiguration defined on three gate electrode tracks with crossing gateelectrode connections, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 11 shows a multi-level layout including a cross-coupled transistorconfiguration defined on four gate electrode tracks with crossing gateelectrode connections, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 12 shows a multi-level layout including a cross-coupled transistorconfiguration defined on two gate electrode tracks without crossing gateelectrode connections, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 13 shows a multi-level layout including a cross-coupled transistorconfiguration defined on three gate electrode tracks without crossinggate electrode connections, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 14A shows a generalized multiplexer circuit in which all fourcross-coupled transistors are directly connected to the common node, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14B shows an exemplary implementation of the multiplexer circuit ofFIG. 14A with a detailed view of the pull up logic, and the pull downlogic, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14C shows a multi-level layout of the multiplexer circuit of FIG.14B implemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 15A shows the multiplexer circuit of FIG. 14A in which twocross-coupled transistors remain directly connected to the common node,and in which two cross-coupled transistors are positioned outside thepull up logic and pull down logic, respectively, relative to the commonnode, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15B shows an exemplary implementation of the multiplexer circuit ofFIG. 15A with a detailed view of the pull up logic and the pull downlogic, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15C shows a multi-level layout of the multiplexer circuit of FIG.15B implemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 16A shows a generalized multiplexer circuit in which thecross-coupled transistors are connected to form two transmission gatesto the common node, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 16B shows an exemplary implementation of the multiplexer circuit ofFIG. 16A with a detailed view of the driving logic, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16C shows a multi-level layout of the multiplexer circuit of FIG.16B implemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 17A shows a generalized multiplexer circuit in which twotransistors of the four cross-coupled transistors are connected to forma transmission gate to the common node, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 17B shows an exemplary implementation of the multiplexer circuit ofFIG. 17A with a detailed view of the driving logic, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 17C shows a multi-level layout of the multiplexer circuit of FIG.17B implemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 18A shows a generalized latch circuit implemented using thecross-coupled transistor configuration, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.18A with a detailed view of the pull up driver logic, the pull downdriver logic, the pull up feedback logic, and the pull down feedbacklogic, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 18Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 19A shows the latch circuit of FIG. 18A in which two cross-coupledtransistors remain directly connected to the common node, and in whichtwo cross-coupled transistors are positioned outside the pull up driverlogic and pull down driver logic, respectively, relative to the commonnode, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 19B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.19A with a detailed view of the pull up driver logic, the pull downdriver logic, the pull up feedback logic, and the pull down feedbacklogic, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 19C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 19Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 20A shows the latch circuit of FIG. 18A in which two cross-coupledtransistors remain directly connected to the common node, and in whichtwo cross-coupled transistors are positioned outside the pull upfeedback logic and pull down feedback logic, respectively, relative tothe common node, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 20B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.20A with a detailed view of the pull up driver logic, the pull downdriver logic, the pull up feedback logic, and the pull down feedbacklogic, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 20C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 20Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 21A shows a generalized latch circuit in which cross-coupledtransistors are connected to form two transmission gates to the commonnode, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 21B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.21A with a detailed view of the driving logic and the feedback logic, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 21C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 21Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 22A shows a generalized latch circuit in which two transistors ofthe four cross-coupled transistors are connected to form a transmissiongate to the common node, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 22B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.22A with a detailed view of the driving logic, the pull up feedbacklogic, and the pull down feedback logic, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 22C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 22Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 23 shows an embodiment in which two PMOS transistors of thecross-coupled transistors are respectively disposed over physicallyseparated p-type diffusion regions, two NMOS transistors of thecross-coupled transistors are disposed over a common n-type diffusionregion, and the p-type and n-type diffusion regions associated with thecross-coupled transistors are electrically connected to a common node;

FIG. 24 shows an embodiment in which two PMOS transistors of thecross-coupled transistors are disposed over a common p-type diffusionregion, two NMOS transistors of the cross-coupled transistors arerespectively disposed over physically separated n-type diffusionregions, and the p-type and n-type diffusion regions associated with thecross-coupled transistors are electrically connected to a common node;and

FIG. 25 shows an embodiment in which two PMOS transistors of thecross-coupled transistors are respectively disposed over physicallyseparated p-type diffusion regions, two NMOS transistors of thecross-coupled transistors are respectively disposed over physicallyseparated n-type diffusion regions, and the p-type and n-type diffusionregions associated with the cross-coupled transistors are electricallyconnected to a common node.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. Itwill be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the presentinvention may be practiced without some or all of these specificdetails. In other instances, well known process operations have not beendescribed in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the presentinvention.

SRAM Bit Cell Configuration

FIG. 1A shows an SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) bit cell circuit, inaccordance with the prior art. The SRAM bit cell includes twocross-coupled inverters 106 and 102. Specifically, an output 106B ofinverter 106 is connected to an input 102A of inverter 102, and anoutput 102B of inverter 102 is connected to an input 106A of inverter106. The SRAM bit cell further includes two NMOS pass transistors 100and 104. The NMOS pass transistor 100 is connected between a bit-line103 and a node 109 corresponding to both the output 106B of inverter 106and the input 102A of inverter 102. The NMOS pass transistor 104 isconnected between a bit-line 105 and a node 111 corresponding to boththe output 102B of inverter 102 and the input 106A of inverter 106.Also, the respective gates of NMOS pass transistors 100 and 104 are eachconnected to a word line 107, which controls access to the SRAM bit cellthrough the NMOS pass transistors 100 and 104. The SRAM bit cellrequires bi-directional write, which means that when bit-line 103 isdriven high, bit-line 105 is driven low, vice-versa. It should beunderstood by those skilled in the art that a logic state stored in theSRAM bit cell is maintained in a complementary manner by nodes 109 and111.

FIG. 1B shows the SRAM bit cell of FIG. 1A with the inverters 106 and102 expanded to reveal their respective internal transistorconfigurations, in accordance with the prior art. The inverter 106include a PMOS transistor 115 and an NMOS transistor 113. The respectivegates of the PMOS and NMOS transistors 115, 113 are connected togetherto form the input 106A of inverter 106. Also, each of PMOS and NMOStransistors 115, 113 have one of their respective terminals connectedtogether to form the output 106B of inverter 106. A remaining terminalof PMOS transistor 115 is connected to a power supply 117. A remainingterminal of NMOS transistor 113 is connected to a ground potential 119.Therefore, PMOS and NMOS transistors 115, 113 are activated in acomplementary manner. When a high logic state is present at the input106A of the inverter 106, the NMOS transistor 113 is turned on and thePMOS transistor 115 is turned off, thereby causing a low logic state tobe generated at output 106B of the inverter 106. When a low logic stateis present at the input 106A of the inverter 106, the NMOS transistor113 is turned off and the PMOS transistor 115 is turned on, therebycausing a high logic state to be generated at output 106B of theinverter 106.

The inverter 102 is defined in an identical manner to inverter 106. Theinverter 102 include a PMOS transistor 121 and an NMOS transistor 123.The respective gates of the PMOS and NMOS transistors 121, 123 areconnected together to form the input 102A of inverter 102. Also, each ofPMOS and NMOS transistors 121, 123 have one of their respectiveterminals connected together to form the output 102B of inverter 102. Aremaining terminal of PMOS transistor 121 is connected to the powersupply 117. A remaining terminal of NMOS transistor 123 is connected tothe ground potential 119. Therefore, PMOS and NMOS transistors 121, 123are activated in a complementary manner. When a high logic state ispresent at the input 102A of the inverter 102, the NMOS transistor 123is turned on and the PMOS transistor 121 is turned off, thereby causinga low logic state to be generated at output 102B of the inverter 102.When a low logic state is present at the input 102A of the inverter 102,the NMOS transistor 123 is turned off and the PMOS transistor 121 isturned on, thereby causing a high logic state to be generated at output102B of the inverter 102.

Cross-Coupled Transistor Configuration

FIG. 2 shows a cross-coupled transistor configuration, in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention. The cross-coupledtransistor configuration includes four transistors: a PMOS transistor401, an NMOS transistor 405, a PMOS transistor 403, and an NMOStransistor 407. The PMOS transistor 401 has one terminal connected topull up logic 209A, and its other terminal connected to a common node495. The NMOS transistor 405 has one terminal connected to pull downlogic 211A, and its other terminal connected to the common node 495. ThePMOS transistor 403 has one terminal connected to pull up logic 209B,and its other terminal connected to the common node 495. The NMOStransistor 407 has one terminal connected to pull down logic 211B, andits other terminal connected to the common node 495. Respective gates ofthe PMOS transistor 401 and the NMOS transistor 407 are both connectedto a gate node 491. Respective gates of the NMOS transistor 405 and thePMOS transistor 403 are both connected to a gate node 493. The gatenodes 491 and 493 are also referred to as control nodes 491 and 493,respectively. Moreover, each of the common node 495, the gate node 491,and the gate node 493 can be referred to as an electrical connection495, 491, 493, respectively.

Based on the foregoing, the cross-coupled transistor configurationincludes four transistors: 1) a first PMOS transistor, 2) a first NMOStransistor, 3) a second PMOS transistor, and 4) a second NMOStransistor. Furthermore, the cross-coupled transistor configurationincludes three required electrical connections: 1) each of the fourtransistors has one of its terminals connected to a same common node, 2)gates of one PMOS transistor and one NMOS transistor are both connectedto a first gate node, and 3) gates of the other PMOS transistor and theother NMOS transistor are both connected to a second gate node.

It should be understood that the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 2 represents a basic configuration of cross-coupled transistors.In other embodiments, additional circuitry components can be connectedto any node within the cross-coupled transistor configuration of FIG. 2.Moreover, in other embodiments, additional circuitry components can beinserted between any one or more of the cross-coupled transistors (401,405, 403, 407) and the common node 495, without departing from thecross-coupled transistor configuration of FIG. 2.

Difference Between SRAM Bit Cell and Cross-Coupled TransistorConfigurations

It should be understood that the SRAM bit cell of FIGS. 1A-1B does notinclude a cross-coupled transistor configuration. In particular, itshould be understood that the cross-coupled “inverters” 106 and 102within the SRAM bit cell neither represent nor infer a cross-coupled“transistor” configuration. As discussed above, the cross-coupledtransistor configuration requires that each of the four transistors hasone of its terminals electrically connected to the same common node.This does not occur in the SRAM bit cell.

With reference to the SRAM bit cell in FIG. 1B, the terminals of PMOStransistor 115 and NMOS transistor 113 are connected together at node109, but the terminals of PMOS transistor 121 and NMOS transistor 123are connected together at node 111. More specifically, the terminals ofPMOS transistor 115 and NMOS transistor 113 that are connected togetherat the output 106B of the inverter are connected to the gates of each ofPMOS transistor 121 and NMOS transistor 123, and therefore are notconnected to both of the terminals of PMOS transistor 121 and NMOStransistor 123. Therefore, the SRAM bit cell does not include fourtransistors (two PMOS and two NMOS) that each have one of its terminalsconnected together at a same common node. Consequently, the SRAM bitcell does represent or include a cross-coupled transistor configuration,such as described with regard to FIG. 2.

Restricted Gate Level Layout Architecture

The present invention implements a restricted gate level layoutarchitecture within a portion of a semiconductor chip. For the gatelevel, a number of parallel virtual lines are defined to extend acrossthe layout. These parallel virtual lines are referred to as gateelectrode tracks, as they are used to index placement of gate electrodesof various transistors within the layout. In one embodiment, theparallel virtual lines which form the gate electrode tracks are definedby a perpendicular spacing therebetween equal to a specified gateelectrode pitch. Therefore, placement of gate electrode segments on thegate electrode tracks corresponds to the specified gate electrode pitch.In another embodiment the gate electrode tracks are spaced at variablepitches greater than or equal to a specified gate electrode pitch.

FIG. 3A shows an example of gate electrode tracks 301A-301E definedwithin the restricted gate level layout architecture, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. Gate electrode tracks 301A-301Eare formed by parallel virtual lines that extend across the gate levellayout of the chip, with a perpendicular spacing therebetween equal to aspecified gate electrode pitch 307. For illustrative purposes,complementary diffusion regions 303 and 305 are shown in FIG. 3A. Itshould be understood that the diffusion regions 303 and 305 are definedin the diffusion level below the gate level. Also, it should beunderstood that the diffusion regions 303 and 305 are provided by way ofexample and in no way represent any limitation on diffusion region size,shape, and/or placement within the diffusion level relative to therestricted gate level layout architecture.

Within the restricted gate level layout architecture, a gate levelfeature layout channel is defined about a given gate electrode track soas to extend between gate electrode tracks adjacent to the given gateelectrode track. For example, gate level feature layout channels 301A-1through 301E-1 are defined about gate electrode tracks 301A through301E, respectively. It should be understood that each gate electrodetrack has a corresponding gate level feature layout channel. Also, forgate electrode tracks positioned adjacent to an edge of a prescribedlayout space, e.g., adjacent to a cell boundary, the corresponding gatelevel feature layout channel extends as if there were a virtual gateelectrode track outside the prescribed layout space, as illustrated bygate level feature layout channels 301A-1 and 301E-1. It should befurther understood that each gate level feature layout channel isdefined to extend along an entire length of its corresponding gateelectrode track. Thus, each gate level feature layout channel is definedto extend across the gate level layout within the portion of the chip towhich the gate level layout is associated.

Within the restricted gate level layout architecture, gate levelfeatures associated with a given gate electrode track are defined withinthe gate level feature layout channel associated with the given gateelectrode track. A contiguous gate level feature can include both aportion which defines a gate electrode of a transistor, and a portionthat does not define a gate electrode of a transistor. Thus, acontiguous gate level feature can extend over both a diffusion regionand a dielectric region of an underlying chip level. In one embodiment,each portion of a gate level feature that forms a gate electrode of atransistor is positioned to be substantially centered upon a given gateelectrode track. Furthermore, in this embodiment, portions of the gatelevel feature that do not form a gate electrode of a transistor can bepositioned within the gate level feature layout channel associated withthe given gate electrode track. Therefore, a given gate level featurecan be defined essentially anywhere within a given gate level featurelayout channel, so long as gate electrode portions of the given gatelevel feature are centered upon the gate electrode track correspondingto the given gate level feature layout channel, and so long as the givengate level feature complies with design rule spacing requirementsrelative to other gate level features in adjacent gate level layoutchannels. Additionally, physical contact is prohibited between gatelevel features defined in gate level feature layout channels that areassociated with adjacent gate electrode tracks.

FIG. 3B shows the exemplary restricted gate level layout architecture ofFIG. 3A with a number of exemplary gate level features 309-323 definedtherein, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Thegate level feature 309 is defined within the gate level feature layoutchannel 301A-1 associated with gate electrode track 301A. The gateelectrode portions of gate level feature 309 are substantially centeredupon the gate electrode track 301A. Also, the non-gate electrodeportions of gate level feature 309 maintain design rule spacingrequirements with gate level features 311 and 313 defined withinadjacent gate level feature layout channel 301B-1. Similarly, gate levelfeatures 311-323 are defined within their respective gate level featurelayout channel, and have their gate electrode portions substantiallycentered upon the gate electrode track corresponding to their respectivegate level feature layout channel. Also, it should be appreciated thateach of gate level features 311-323 maintains design rule spacingrequirements with gate level features defined within adjacent gate levelfeature layout channels, and avoids physical contact with any anothergate level feature defined within adjacent gate level feature layoutchannels.

A gate electrode corresponds to a portion of a respective gate levelfeature that extends over a diffusion region, wherein the respectivegate level feature is defined in its entirety within a gate levelfeature layout channel. Each gate level feature is defined within itsgate level feature layout channel without physically contacting anothergate level feature defined within an adjoining gate level feature layoutchannel. As illustrated by the example gate level feature layoutchannels 301A-1 through 301E-1 of FIG. 3B, each gate level featurelayout channel is associated with a given gate electrode track andcorresponds to a layout region that extends along the given gateelectrode track and perpendicularly outward in each opposing directionfrom the given gate electrode track to a closest of either an adjacentgate electrode track or a virtual gate electrode track outside a layoutboundary.

Some gate level features may have one or more contact head portionsdefined at any number of locations along their length. A contact headportion of a given gate level feature is defined as a segment of thegate level feature having a height and a width of sufficient size toreceive a gate contact structure, wherein “width” is defined across thesubstrate in a direction perpendicular to the gate electrode track ofthe given gate level feature, and wherein “height” is defined across thesubstrate in a direction parallel to the gate electrode track of thegiven gate level feature. It should be appreciated that a contact headof a gate level feature, when viewed from above, can be defined byessentially any layout shape, including a square or a rectangle. Also,depending on layout requirements and circuit design, a given contacthead portion of a gate level feature may or may not have a gate contactdefined thereabove.

A gate level of the various embodiments disclosed herein is defined as arestricted gate level, as discussed above. Some of the gate levelfeatures form gate electrodes of transistor devices. Others of the gatelevel features can form conductive segments extending between two pointswithin the gate level. Also, others of the gate level features may benon-functional with respect to integrated circuit operation. It shouldbe understood that the each of the gate level features, regardless offunction, is defined to extend across the gate level within theirrespective gate level feature layout channels without physicallycontacting other gate level features defined with adjacent gate levelfeature layout channels.

In one embodiment, the gate level features are defined to provide afinite number of controlled layout shape-to-shape lithographicinteractions which can be accurately predicted and optimized for inmanufacturing and design processes. In this embodiment, the gate levelfeatures are defined to avoid layout shape-to-shape spatialrelationships which would introduce adverse lithographic interactionwithin the layout that cannot be accurately predicted and mitigated withhigh probability. However, it should be understood that changes indirection of gate level features within their gate level layout channelsare acceptable when corresponding lithographic interactions arepredictable and manageable.

It should be understood that each of the gate level features, regardlessof function, is defined such that no gate level feature along a givengate electrode track is configured to connect directly within the gatelevel to another gate level feature defined along a different gateelectrode track without utilizing a non-gate level feature. Moreover,each connection between gate level features that are placed withindifferent gate level layout channels associated with different gateelectrode tracks is made through one or more non-gate level features,which may be defined in higher interconnect levels, i.e., through one ormore interconnect levels above the gate level, or by way of localinterconnect features at or below the gate level.

Cross-Coupled Transistor Layouts

As discussed above, the cross-coupled transistor configuration includesfour transistors (2 PMOS transistors and 2 NMOS transistors). In variousembodiments of the present invention, gate electrodes defined inaccordance with the restricted gate level layout architecture arerespectively used to form the four transistors of a cross-coupledtransistor configuration layout. FIG. 4 shows diffusion and gate levellayouts of a cross-coupled transistor configuration, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The cross-coupled transistorlayout of FIG. 4 includes the first PMOS transistor 401 defined by agate electrode 401A extending along a gate electrode track 450 and overa p-type diffusion region 480. The first NMOS transistor 407 is definedby a gate electrode 407A extending along a gate electrode track 456 andover an n-type diffusion region 486. The second PMOS transistor 403 isdefined by a gate electrode 403A extending along the gate electrodetrack 456 and over a p-type diffusion region 482. The second NMOStransistor 405 is defined by a gate electrode 405A extending along thegate electrode track 450 and over an n-type diffusion region 484.

The gate electrodes 401A and 407A of the first PMOS transistor 401 andfirst NMOS transistor 407, respectively, are electrically connected tothe first gate node 491 so as to be exposed to a substantiallyequivalent gate electrode voltage. Similarly, the gate electrodes 403Aand 405A of the second PMOS transistor 403 and second NMOS transistor405, respectively, are electrically connected to the second gate node493 so as to be exposed to a substantially equivalent gate electrodevoltage. Also, each of the four transistors 401, 403, 405, 407 has arespective diffusion terminal electrically connected to the commonoutput node 495.

The cross-coupled transistor layout can be implemented in a number ofdifferent ways within the restricted gate level layout architecture. Inthe exemplary embodiment of FIG. 4, the gate electrodes 401A and 405A ofthe first PMOS transistor 401 and second NMOS transistor 405 arepositioned along the same gate electrode track 450. Similarly, the gateelectrodes 403A and 407A of the second PMOS transistor 403 and secondNMOS transistor 407 are positioned along the same gate electrode track456. Thus, the particular embodiment of FIG. 4 can be characterized as across-coupled transistor configuration defined on two gate electrodetracks with crossing gate electrode connections.

FIG. 5 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon three gate electrode tracks with crossing gate electrode connections.Specifically, the gate electrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401is defined on the gate electrode track 450. The gate electrode 403A ofthe second PMOS transistor 403 is defined on the gate electrode track456. The gate electrode 407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is definedon a gate electrode track 456. And, the gate electrode 405A of thesecond NMOS transistor 405 is defined on a gate electrode track 448.Thus, the particular embodiment of FIG. 5 can be characterized as across-coupled transistor configuration defined on three gate electrodetracks with crossing gate electrode connections.

FIG. 6 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon four gate electrode tracks with crossing gate electrode connections.Specifically, the gate electrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401is defined on the gate electrode track 450. The gate electrode 403A ofthe second PMOS transistor 403 is defined on the gate electrode track456. The gate electrode 407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is definedon a gate electrode track 458. And, the gate electrode 405A of thesecond NMOS transistor 405 is defined on a gate electrode track 454.Thus, the particular embodiment of FIG. 6 can be characterized as across-coupled transistor configuration defined on four gate electrodetracks with crossing gate electrode connections.

FIG. 7 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon two gate electrode tracks without crossing gate electrodeconnections. Specifically, the gate electrode 401A of the first PMOStransistor 401 is defined on the gate electrode track 450. The gateelectrode 407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is also defined on agate electrode track 450. The gate electrode 403A of the second PMOStransistor 403 is defined on the gate electrode track 456. And, the gateelectrode 405A of the second NMOS transistor 405 is also defined on agate electrode track 456. Thus, the particular embodiment of FIG. 7 canbe characterized as a cross-coupled transistor configuration defined ontwo gate electrode tracks without crossing gate electrode connections.

FIG. 8 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon three gate electrode tracks without crossing gate electrodeconnections. Specifically, the gate electrode 401A of the first PMOStransistor 401 is defined on the gate electrode track 450. The gateelectrode 407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is also defined on agate electrode track 450. The gate electrode 403A of the second PMOStransistor 403 is defined on the gate electrode track 454. And, the gateelectrode 405A of the second NMOS transistor 405 is defined on a gateelectrode track 456. Thus, the particular embodiment of FIG. 8 can becharacterized as a cross-coupled transistor configuration defined onthree gate electrode tracks without crossing gate electrode connections.

FIG. 9 shows a variation of the cross-coupled transistor configurationof FIG. 4 in which the cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedon four gate electrode tracks without crossing gate electrodeconnections. Specifically, the gate electrode 401A of the first PMOStransistor 401 is defined on the gate electrode track 450. The gateelectrode 403A of the second PMOS transistor 403 is defined on the gateelectrode track 454. The gate electrode 407A of the first NMOStransistor 407 is defined on a gate electrode track 452. And, the gateelectrode 405A of the second NMOS transistor 405 is defined on a gateelectrode track 456. Thus, the particular embodiment of FIG. 9 can becharacterized as a cross-coupled transistor configuration defined onfour gate electrode tracks without crossing gate electrode connections.

It should be appreciated that although the cross-coupled transistors401, 403, 405, 407 of FIGS. 4-9 are depicted as having their ownrespective diffusion region 480, 482, 484, 486, respectively, otherembodiments may utilize a contiguous p-type diffusion region for PMOStransistors 401 and 403, and/or utilize a contiguous n-type diffusionregion for NMOS transistors 405 and 407. Moreover, although the examplelayouts of FIGS. 4-9 depict the p-type diffusion regions 480 and 482 ina vertically aligned position, it should be understood that the p-typediffusion regions 480 and 482 may not be vertically aligned in otherembodiments. Similarly, although the example layouts of FIGS. 4-9 depictthe n-type diffusion regions 484 and 486 in a vertically alignedposition, it should be understood that the n-type diffusion regions 484and 486 may not be vertically aligned in other embodiments.

For example, the cross-coupled transistor layout of FIG. 4 includes thefirst PMOS transistor 401 defined by the gate electrode 401A extendingalong the gate electrode track 450 and over a first p-type diffusionregion 480. And, the second PMOS transistor 403 is defined by the gateelectrode 403A extending along the gate electrode track 456 and over asecond p-type diffusion region 482. The first NMOS transistor 407 isdefined by the gate electrode 407A extending along the gate electrodetrack 456 and over a first n-type diffusion region 486. And, the secondNMOS transistor 405 is defined by the gate electrode 405A extendingalong the gate electrode track 450 and over a second n-type diffusionregion 484.

The gate electrode tracks 450 and 456 extend in a first paralleldirection. At least a portion of the first p-type diffusion region 480and at least a portion of the second p-type diffusion region 482 areformed over a first common line of extent that extends across thesubstrate perpendicular to the first parallel direction of the gateelectrode tracks 450 and 456. Additionally, at least a portion of thefirst n-type diffusion region 486 and at least a portion of the secondn-type diffusion region 484 are formed over a second common line ofextent that extends across the substrate perpendicular to the firstparallel direction of the gate electrode tracks 450 and 456.

FIG. 14C shows that two PMOS transistors (401A and 403A) of thecross-coupled transistors are disposed over a common p-type diffusionregion (PDIFF), two NMOS transistors (405A and 407A) of thecross-coupled transistors are disposed over a common n-type diffusionregion (NDIFF), and the p-type (PDIFF) and n-type (NDIFF) diffusionregions associated with the cross-coupled transistors are electricallyconnected to a common node 495. The gate electrodes of the cross-coupledtransistors (401A, 403A, 405A, 407A) extend in a first paralleldirection. At least a portion of a first p-type diffusion regionassociated with the first PMOS transistor 401A and at least a portion ofa second p-type diffusion region associated with the second PMOStransistor 403A are formed over a first common line of extent thatextends across the substrate perpendicular to the first paralleldirection of the gate electrodes. Additionally, at least a portion of afirst n-type diffusion region associated with the first NMOS transistor405A and at least a portion of a second n-type diffusion regionassociated with the second NMOS transistor 407A are formed over a secondcommon line of extent that extends across the substrate perpendicular tothe first parallel direction of the gate electrodes.

In another embodiment, two PMOS transistors of the cross-coupledtransistors are respectively disposed over physically separated p-typediffusion regions, two NMOS transistors of the cross-coupled transistorsare disposed over a common n-type diffusion region, and the p-type andn-type diffusion regions associated with the cross-coupled transistorsare electrically connected to a common node. FIG. 23 illustrates across-coupled transistor layout embodiment in which two PMOS transistors(2301 and 2303) of the cross-coupled transistors are respectivelydisposed over physically separated p-type diffusion regions (2302 and2304), two NMOS transistors (2305 and 2307) of the cross-coupledtransistors are disposed over a common n-type diffusion region 2306, andthe p-type (2302, 2304) and n-type 2306 diffusion regions associatedwith the cross-coupled transistors are electrically connected to acommon node 2309.

FIG. 23 shows that the gate electrodes of the cross-coupled transistors(2301, 2303, 2305, 2307) extend in a first parallel direction 2311. FIG.23 also shows that the first 2302 and second 2304 p-type diffusionregions are formed in a spaced apart manner relative to the firstparallel direction 2311 of the gate electrodes, such that no single lineof extent that extends across the substrate in a direction 2313perpendicular to the first parallel direction 2311 of the gateelectrodes intersects both the first 2302 and second 2304 p-typediffusion regions. Also, FIG. 23 shows that at least a portion of afirst n-type diffusion region (part of 2306) associated with a firstNMOS transistor 2305 and at least a portion of a second n-type diffusionregion (part of 2306) associated with a second NMOS transistor 2307 areformed over a common line of extent that extends across the substrate inthe direction 2313 perpendicular to the first parallel direction 2311 ofthe gate electrodes.

In another embodiment, two PMOS transistors of the cross-coupledtransistors are disposed over a common p-type diffusion region, two NMOStransistors of the cross-coupled transistors are respectively disposedover physically separated n-type diffusion regions, and the p-type andn-type diffusion regions associated with the cross-coupled transistorsare electrically connected to a common node. FIG. 24 shows thecross-coupled transistor embodiment of FIG. 23, with the p-type (2302and 2304) and n-type 2306 diffusion regions of FIG. 23 reversed ton-type (2402 and 2404) and p-type 2406 diffusion regions, respectively.FIG. 24 illustrates a cross-coupled transistor layout embodiment inwhich two PMOS transistors (2405 and 2407) of the cross-coupledtransistors are disposed over a common p-type diffusion region 2406, twoNMOS transistors (2401 and 2403) of the cross-coupled transistors arerespectively disposed over physically separated n-type diffusion regions(2402 and 2404), and the p-type 2406 and n-type (2402 and 2404)diffusion regions associated with the cross-coupled transistors areelectrically connected to a common node 2409.

FIG. 24 shows that the gate electrodes of the cross-coupled transistors(2401, 2403, 2405, 2407) extend in a first parallel direction 2411. FIG.24 also shows that at least a portion of a first p-type diffusion region(part of 2406) associated with a first PMOS transistor 2405 and at leasta portion of a second p-type diffusion region (part of 2406) associatedwith a second PMOS transistor 2407 are formed over a common line ofextent that extends across the substrate in a direction 2413perpendicular to the first parallel direction 2411 of the gateelectrodes. Also, FIG. 24 shows that the first 2402 and second 2404n-type diffusion regions are formed in a spaced apart manner relative tothe first parallel direction 2411, such that no single line of extentthat extends across the substrate in the direction 2413 perpendicular tothe first parallel direction 2411 of the gate electrodes intersects boththe first 2402 and second 2404 n-type diffusion regions.

In yet another embodiment, two PMOS transistors of the cross-coupledtransistors are respectively disposed over physically separated p-typediffusion regions, two NMOS transistors of the cross-coupled transistorsare respectively disposed over physically separated n-type diffusionregions, and the p-type and n-type diffusion regions associated with thecross-coupled transistors are electrically connected to a common node.FIG. 25 shows a cross-coupled transistor layout embodiment in which twoPMOS transistors (2501 and 2503) of the cross-coupled transistors arerespectively disposed over physically separated p-type diffusion regions(2502 and 2504), two NMOS transistors (2505 and 2507) of thecross-coupled transistors are respectively disposed over physicallyseparated n-type diffusion regions (2506 and 2508), and the p-type (2502and 2504) and n-type (2506 and 2508) diffusion regions associated withthe cross-coupled transistors are electrically connected to a commonnode 2509.

FIG. 25 shows that the gate electrodes of the cross-coupled transistors(2501, 2503, 2505, 2507) extend in a first parallel direction 2511. FIG.25 also shows that the first 2502 and second 2504 p-type diffusionregions are formed in a spaced apart manner relative to the firstparallel direction 2511, such that no single line of extent that extendsacross the substrate in a direction 2513 perpendicular to the firstparallel direction 2511 of the gate electrodes intersects both the first2502 and second 2504 p-type diffusion regions. Also, FIG. 25 shows thatthe first 2506 and second 2508 n-type diffusion regions are formed in aspaced apart manner relative to the first parallel direction 2511, suchthat no single line of extent that extends across the substrate in thedirection 2513 perpendicular to the first parallel direction 2511 of thegate electrodes intersects both the first 2506 and second 2508 n-typediffusion regions.

In FIGS. 4-9, the gate electrode connections are electricallyrepresented by lines 491 and 493, and the common node electricalconnection is represented by line 495. It should be understood that inlayout space each of the gate electrode electrical connections 491, 493,and the common node electrical connection 495 can be structurallydefined by a number of layout shapes extending through multiple chiplevels. FIGS. 10-13 show examples of how the gate electrode electricalconnections 491, 493, and the common node electrical connection 495 canbe defined in different embodiments. It should be understood that theexample layouts of FIGS. 10-13 are provided by way of example and in noway represent an exhaustive set of possible multi-level connections thatcan be utilized for the gate electrode electrical connections 491, 493,and the common node electrical connection 495.

FIG. 10 shows a multi-level layout including a cross-coupled transistorconfiguration defined on three gate electrode tracks with crossing gateelectrode connections, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. The layout of FIG. 10 represents an exemplary implementationof the cross-coupled transistor embodiment of FIG. 5. The electricalconnection 491 between the gate electrode 401A of the first PMOStransistor 401 and the gate electrode 407A of the first NMOS transistor407 is formed by a multi-level connection that includes a gate contact1001, a (two-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1003, and a gate contact1005. The electrical connection 493 between the gate electrode 403A ofthe second PMOS transistor 403 and the gate electrode 405A of the secondNMOS transistor 405 is formed by a multi-level connection that includesa gate contact 1007, a (two-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1009, and agate contact 1011. The output node electrical connection 495 is formedby a multi-level connection that includes a diffusion contact 1013, a(two-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1015, a diffusion contact 1017, anda diffusion contact 1019.

FIG. 11 shows a multi-level layout including a cross-coupled transistorconfiguration defined on four gate electrode tracks with crossing gateelectrode connections, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. The layout of FIG. 11 represents an exemplary implementationof the cross-coupled transistor embodiment of FIG. 6. The electricalconnection 491 between the gate electrode 401A of the first PMOStransistor 401 and the gate electrode 407A of the first NMOS transistor407 is formed by a multi-level connection that includes a gate contact1101, a (two-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1103, and a gate contact1105. The electrical connection 493 between the gate electrode 403A ofthe second PMOS transistor 403 and the gate electrode 405A of the secondNMOS transistor 405 is formed by a multi-level connection that includesa gate contact 1107, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1109, a via1111, a (one-dimensional) metal-2 structure 1113, a via 1115, a(one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1117, and a gate contact 1119. Theoutput node electrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a diffusion contact 1121, a (two-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1123, a diffusion contact 1125, and a diffusioncontact 1127.

FIG. 12 shows a multi-level layout including a cross-coupled transistorconfiguration defined on two gate electrode tracks without crossing gateelectrode connections, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. The layout of FIG. 12 represents an exemplary implementationof the cross-coupled transistor embodiment of FIG. 7. The gateelectrodes 401A and 407A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and first NMOStransistor 407, respectively, are formed by a contiguous gate levelstructure placed on the gate electrode track 450. Therefore, theelectrical connection 491 between the gate electrodes 401A and 407A ismade directly within the gate level along the single gate electrodetrack 450. Similarly, the gate electrodes 403A and 405A of the secondPMOS transistor 403 and second NMOS transistor 405, respectively, areformed by a contiguous gate level structure placed on the gate electrodetrack 456. Therefore, the electrical connection 493 between the gateelectrodes 403A and 405A is made directly within the gate level alongthe single gate electrode track 456. The output node electricalconnection 495 is formed by a multi-level connection that includes adiffusion contact 1205, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1207, anda diffusion contact 1209.

Further with regard to FIG. 12, it should be noted that when the gateelectrodes 401A and 407A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and first NMOStransistor 407, respectively, are formed by a contiguous gate levelstructure, and when the gate electrodes 403A and 405A of the second PMOStransistor 403 and second NMOS transistor 405, respectively, are formedby a contiguous gate level structure, the corresponding cross-coupledtransistor layout may include electrical connections between diffusionregions associated with the four cross-coupled transistors 401, 407,403, 405, that cross in layout space without electrical communicationtherebetween. For example, diffusion region 1220 of PMOS transistor 403is electrically connected to diffusion region 1222 of NMOS transistor407 as indicated by electrical connection 1224, and diffusion region1230 of PMOS transistor 401 is electrically connected to diffusionregion 1232 of NMOS transistor 405 as indicated by electrical connection1234, wherein electrical connections 1224 and 1234 cross in layout spacewithout electrical communication therebetween.

FIG. 13 shows a multi-level layout including a cross-coupled transistorconfiguration defined on three gate electrode tracks without crossinggate electrode connections, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention. The layout of FIG. 13 represents an exemplaryimplementation of the cross-coupled transistor embodiment of FIG. 8. Thegate electrodes 401A and 407A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and firstNMOS transistor 407, respectively, are formed by a contiguous gate levelstructure placed on the gate electrode track 450. Therefore, theelectrical connection 491 between the gate electrodes 401A and 407A ismade directly within the gate level along the single gate electrodetrack 450. The electrical connection 493 between the gate electrode 403Aof the second PMOS transistor 403 and the gate electrode 405A of thesecond NMOS transistor 405 is formed by a multi-level connection thatincludes a gate contact 1303, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure1305, and a gate contact 1307. The output node electrical connection 495is formed by a multi-level connection that includes a diffusion contact1311, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1313, and a diffusioncontact 1315.

In one embodiment, electrical connection of the diffusion regions of thecross-coupled transistors to the common node 495 can be made using oneor more local interconnect conductors defined at or below the gate levelitself. This embodiment may also combine local interconnect conductorswith conductors in higher levels (above the gate level) by way ofcontacts and/or vias to make the electrical connection of the diffusionregions of the cross-coupled transistors to the common node 495.Additionally, in various embodiments, conductive paths used toelectrically connect the diffusion regions of the cross-coupledtransistors to the common node 495 can be defined to traverse overessentially any area of the chip as required to accommodate a routingsolution for the chip.

Also, it should be appreciated that because the n-type and p-typediffusion regions are physically separate, and because the p-typediffusion regions for the two PMOS transistors of the cross-coupledtransistors can be physically separate, and because the n-type diffusionregions for the two NMOS transistors of the cross-coupled transistorscan be physically separate, it is possible in various embodiments tohave each of the four cross-coupled transistors disposed at arbitrarylocations in the layout relative to each other. Therefore, unlessnecessitated by electrical performance or other layout influencingconditions, it is not required that the four cross-coupled transistorsbe located within a prescribed proximity to each other in the layout.Although, location of the cross-coupled transistors within a prescribedproximity to each other is not precluded, and may be desirable incertain circuit layouts.

In the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein, it should be understoodthat diffusion regions are not restricted in size. In other words, anygiven diffusion region can be sized in an arbitrary manner as requiredto satisfy electrical and/or layout requirements. Additionally, anygiven diffusion region can be shaped in an arbitrary manner as requiredto satisfy electrical and/or layout requirements. Also, it should beunderstood that the four transistors of the cross-coupled transistorconfiguration, as defined in accordance with the restricted gate levellayout architecture, are not required to be the same size. In differentembodiments, the four transistors of the cross-coupled transistorconfiguration can either vary in size (transistor width or transistorgate length) or have the same size, depending on the applicableelectrical and/or layout requirements.

Additionally, it should be understood that the four transistors of thecross-coupled transistor configuration are not required to be placed inclose proximity to each, although they may be closely placed in someembodiments. More specifically, because connections between thetransistors of the cross-coupled transistor configuration can be made byrouting through as least one higher interconnect level, there is freedomin placement of the four transistors of the cross-coupled transistorconfiguration relative to each other. Although, it should be understoodthat a proximity of the four transistors of the cross-coupled transistorconfiguration may be governed in certain embodiments by electricaland/or layout optimization requirements.

It should be appreciated that the cross-coupled transistorconfigurations and corresponding layouts implemented using therestricted gate level layout architecture, as described with regard toFIGS. 2-13, and/or variants thereof, can be used to form many differentelectrical circuits. For example, a portion of a modern semiconductorchip is likely to include a number of multiplexer circuits and/or latchcircuits. Such multiplexer and/or latch circuits can be defined usingcross-coupled transistor configurations and corresponding layouts basedon the restricted gate level layout architecture, as disclosed herein.Example multiplexer embodiments implemented using the restricted gatelevel layout architecture and corresponding cross-coupled transistorconfigurations are described with regard to FIGS. 14A-17C. Example latchembodiments implemented using the restricted gate level layoutarchitecture and corresponding cross-coupled transistor configurationsare described with regard to FIGS. 18A-22C. It should be understood thatthe multiplexer and latch embodiments described with regard to FIGS.14A-22C are provided by way of example and do not represent anexhaustive set of possible multiplexer and latch embodiments.

EXAMPLE MULTIPLEXER EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 14A shows a generalized multiplexer circuit in which all fourcross-coupled transistors 401, 405, 403, 407 are directly connected tothe common node 495, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. As previously discussed, gates of the first PMOS transistor401 and first NMOS transistor 407 are electrically connected, as shownby electrical connection 491. Also, gates of the second PMOS transistor403 and second NMOS transistor 405 are electrically connected, as shownby electrical connection 493. Pull up logic 1401 is electricallyconnected to the first PMOS transistor 401 at a terminal opposite thecommon node 495. Pull down logic 1403 is electrically connected to thesecond NMOS transistor 405 at a terminal opposite the common node 495.Also, pull up logic 1405 is electrically connected to the second PMOStransistor 403 at a terminal opposite the common node 495. Pull downlogic 1407 is electrically connected to the first NMOS transistor 407 ata terminal opposite the common node 495.

FIG. 14B shows an exemplary implementation of the multiplexer circuit ofFIG. 14A with a detailed view of the pull up logic 1401 and 1405, andthe pull down logic 1403 and 1407, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The pull up logic 1401 is defined by a PMOStransistor 1401A connected between a power supply (VDD) and a terminal1411 of the first PMOS transistor 401 opposite the common node 495. Thepull down logic 1403 is defined by an NMOS transistor 1403A connectedbetween a ground potential (GND) and a terminal 1413 of the second NMOStransistor 405 opposite the common node 495. Respective gates of thePMOS transistor 1401A and NMOS transistor 1403A are connected togetherat a node 1415. The pull up logic 1405 is defined by a PMOS transistor1405A connected between the power supply (VDD) and a terminal 1417 ofthe second PMOS transistor 403 opposite the common node 495. The pulldown logic 1407 is defined by an NMOS transistor 1407A connected betweena ground potential (GND) and a terminal 1419 of the first NMOStransistor 407 opposite the common node 495. Respective gates of thePMOS transistor 1405A and NMOS transistor 1407A are connected togetherat a node 1421. It should be understood that the implementations of pullup logic 1401, 1405 and pull down logic 1403, 1407 as shown in FIG. 14Bare exemplary. In other embodiments, logic different than that shown inFIG. 14B can be used to implement the pull up logic 1401, 1405 and thepull down logic 1403, 1407.

FIG. 14C shows a multilevel layout of the multiplexer circuit of FIG.14B implemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The electrical connection 491 between the gateelectrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and the gate electrode407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 1445, a (two-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1447, and a gate contact 1449. The electricalconnection 493 between the gate electrode 403A of the second PMOStransistor 403 and the gate electrode 405A of the second NMOS transistor405 is formed by a multi-level connection that includes a gate contact1431, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1433, a via 1435, a(one-dimensional) metal-2 structure 1436, a via 1437, a(one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1439, and a gate contact 1441. Thecommon node electrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a diffusion contact 1451, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1453, a via 1455, a (one-dimensional) metal-2structure 1457, a via 1459, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1461,and a diffusion contact 1463. Respective gates of the PMOS transistor1401A and NMOS transistor 1403A are connected to the node 1415 by a gatecontact 1443. Also, respective gates of the PMOS transistor 1405A andNMOS transistor 1407A are connected to the node 1421 by a gate contact1465.

FIG. 15A shows the multiplexer circuit of FIG. 14A in which the twocross-coupled transistors 401 and 405 remain directly connected to thecommon node 495, and in which the two cross-coupled transistors 403 and407 are positioned outside the pull up logic 1405 and pull down logic1407, respectively, relative to the common node 495, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. Pull up logic 1405 iselectrically connected between the second PMOS transistor 403 and thecommon node 495. Pull down logic 1407 is electrically connected betweenthe first NMOS transistor 407 and the common node 495. With theexception of repositioning the PMOS/NMOS transistors 403/407 outside oftheir pull up/down logic 1405/1407 relative to the common node 495, thecircuit of FIG. 15A is the same as the circuit of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 15B shows an exemplary implementation of the multiplexer circuit ofFIG. 15A with a detailed view of the pull up logic 1401 and 1405, andthe pull down logic 1403 and 1407, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. As previously discussed with regard to FIG. 14B,the pull up logic 1401 is defined by the PMOS transistor 1401A connectedbetween VDD and the terminal 1411 of the first PMOS transistor 401opposite the common node 495. Also, the pull down logic 1403 is definedby NMOS transistor 1403A connected between GND and the terminal 1413 ofthe second NMOS transistor 405 opposite the common node 495. Respectivegates of the PMOS transistor 1401A and NMOS transistor 1403A areconnected together at the node 1415. The pull up logic 1405 is definedby the PMOS transistor 1405A connected between the second PMOStransistor 403 and the common node 495. The pull down logic 1407 isdefined by the NMOS transistor 1407A connected between the first NMOStransistor 407 and the common node 495. Respective gates of the PMOStransistor 1405A and NMOS transistor 1407A are connected together at thenode 1421. It should be understood that the implementations of pull uplogic 1401, 1405 and pull down logic 1403, 1407 as shown in FIG. 15B areexemplary. In other embodiments, logic different than that shown in FIG.15B can be used to implement the pull up logic 1401, 1405 and the pulldown logic 1403, 1407.

FIG. 15C shows a multi-level layout of the multiplexer circuit of FIG.15B implemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The electrical connection 491 between the gateelectrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and the gate electrode407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 1501, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1503, a via 1505, a (one-dimensional) metal-2structure 1507, a via 1509, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1511,and a gate contact 1513. The electrical connection 493 between the gateelectrode 403A of the second PMOS transistor 403 and the gate electrode405A of the second NMOS transistor 405 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 1515, a (two-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1517, and a gate contact 1519. The common nodeelectrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-level connection thatincludes a diffusion contact 1521, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure1523, a via 1525, a (one-dimensional) metal-2 structure 1527, a via1529, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1531, and a diffusioncontact 1533. Respective gates of the PMOS transistor 1401A and NMOStransistor 1403A are connected to the node 1415 by a gate contact 1535.Also, respective gates of the PMOS transistor 1405A and NMOS transistor1407A are connected to the node 1421 by a gate contact 1539.

FIG. 16A shows a generalized multiplexer circuit in which thecross-coupled transistors (401, 403, 405, 407) are connected to form twotransmission gates 1602, 1604 to the common node 495, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. As previously discussed, gatesof the first PMOS transistor 401 and first NMOS transistor 407 areelectrically connected, as shown by electrical connection 491. Also,gates of the second PMOS transistor 403 and second NMOS transistor 405are electrically connected, as shown by electrical connection 493. Thefirst PMOS transistor 401 and second NMOS transistor 405 are connectedto form a first transmission gate 1602 to the common node 495. Thesecond PMOS transistor 403 and first NMOS transistor 407 are connectedto form a second transmission gate 1604 to the common node 495. Drivinglogic 1601 is electrically connected to both the first PMOS transistor401 and second NMOS transistor 405 at a terminal opposite the commonnode 495. Driving logic 1603 is electrically connected to both thesecond PMOS transistor 403 and first NMOS transistor 407 at a terminalopposite the common node 495.

FIG. 16B shows an exemplary implementation of the multiplexer circuit ofFIG. 16A with a detailed view of the driving logic 1601 and 1603, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In theembodiment of FIG. 16B, the driving logic 1601 is defined by an inverter1601A and, the driving logic 1603 is defined by an inverter 1603A.However, it should be understood that in other embodiments, the drivinglogic 1601 and 1603 can be defined by any logic function, such as a twoinput NOR gate, a two input NAND gate, AND-OR logic, OR-AND logic, amongothers, by way of example.

FIG. 16C shows a multi-level layout of the multiplexer circuit of FIG.16B implemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The electrical connection 491 between the gateelectrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and the gate electrode407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 1619, a (two-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1621, and a gate contact 1623. The electricalconnection 493 between the gate electrode 403A of the second PMOStransistor 403 and the gate electrode 405A of the second NMOS transistor405 is formed by a multi-level connection that includes a gate contact1605, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1607, a via 1609, a(one-dimensional) metal-2 structure 1611, a via 1613, a(one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1615, and a gate contact 1617. Thecommon node electrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a diffusion contact 1625, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1627, a via 1629, a (one-dimensional) metal-2structure 1631, a via 1633, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1635,and a diffusion contact 1637. Transistors which form the inverter 1601Aare shown within the region bounded by the dashed line 1601AL.Transistors which form the inverter 1603A are shown within the regionbounded by the dashed line 1603AL.

FIG. 17A shows a generalized multiplexer circuit in which twotransistors (403, 407) of the four cross-coupled transistors areconnected to form a transmission gate 1702 to the common node 495, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As previouslydiscussed, gates of the first PMOS transistor 401 and first NMOStransistor 407 are electrically connected, as shown by electricalconnection 491. Also, gates of the second PMOS transistor 403 and secondNMOS transistor 405 are electrically connected, as shown by electricalconnection 493. The second PMOS transistor 403 and first NMOS transistor407 are connected to form the transmission gate 1702 to the common node495. Driving logic 1701 is electrically connected to both the secondPMOS transistor 403 and first NMOS transistor 407 at a terminal oppositethe common node 495. Pull up driving logic 1703 is electricallyconnected to the first PMOS transistor 401 at a terminal opposite thecommon node 495. Also, pull down driving logic 1705 is electricallyconnected to the second NMOS transistor 405 at a terminal opposite thecommon node 495.

FIG. 17B shows an exemplary implementation of the multiplexer circuit ofFIG. 17A with a detailed view of the driving logic 1701, 1703, and 1705,in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The drivinglogic 1701 is defined by an inverter 1701A. The pull up driving logic1703 is defined by a PMOS transistor 1703A connected between VDD and thefirst PMOS transistor 401. The pull down driving logic 1705 is definedby an NMOS transistor 1705A connected between GND and the second NMOStransistor 405. Respective gates of the PMOS transistor 1703A and NMOStransistor 1705A are connected together at the node 1707. It should beunderstood that the implementations of driving logic 1701, 1703, and1705, as shown in FIG. 17B are exemplary. In other embodiments, logicdifferent than that shown in FIG. 17B can be used to implement thedriving logic 1701, 1703, and 1705.

FIG. 17C shows a multi-level layout of the multiplexer circuit of FIG.17B implemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The electrical connection 491 between the gateelectrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and the gate electrode407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 1723, a (two-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1725, and a gate contact 1727. The electricalconnection 493 between the gate electrode 403A of the second PMOStransistor 403 and the gate electrode 405A of the second NMOS transistor405 is formed by a multi-level connection that includes a gate contact1709, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1711, a via 1713, a(one-dimensional) metal-2 structure 1715, a via 1717, a(one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1719, and a gate contact 1721. Thecommon node electrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a diffusion contact 1729, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1731, a via 1733, a (one-dimensional) metal-2structure 1735, a via 1737, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1739,and a diffusion contact 1741. Transistors which form the inverter 1701Aare shown within the region bounded by the dashed line 1701AL.Respective gates of the PMOS transistor 1703A and NMOS transistor 1705Aare connected to the node 1707 by a gate contact 1743.

EXAMPLE LATCH EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 18A shows a generalized latch circuit implemented using thecross-coupled transistor configuration, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The gates of the first PMOStransistor 401 and first NMOS transistor 407 are electrically connected,as shown by electrical connection 491. The gates of the second PMOStransistor 403 and second NMOS transistor 405 are electricallyconnected, as shown by electrical connection 493. Each of the fourcross-coupled transistors are electrically connected to the common node495. It should be understood that the common node 495 serves as astorage node in the latch circuit. Pull up driver logic 1805 iselectrically connected to the second PMOS transistor 403 at a terminalopposite the common node 495. Pull down driver logic 1807 iselectrically connected to the first NMOS transistor 407 at a terminalopposite the common node 495. Pull up feedback logic 1809 iselectrically connected to the first PMOS transistor 401 at a terminalopposite the common node 495. Pull down feedback logic 1811 iselectrically connected to the second NMOS transistor 405 at a terminalopposite the common node 495. Additionally, the common node 495 isconnected to an input of an inverter 1801. An output of the inverter1801 is electrically connected to a feedback node 1803. It should beunderstood that in other embodiments the inverter 1801 can be replacedby any logic function, such as a two input NOR gate, a two input NANDgate, among others, or any complex logic function.

FIG. 18B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.18A with a detailed view of the pull up driver logic 1805, the pull downdriver logic 1807, the pull up feedback logic 1809, and the pull downfeedback logic 1811, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. The pull up driver logic 1805 is defined by a PMOS transistor1805A connected between VDD and the second PMOS transistor 403 oppositethe common node 495. The pull down driver logic 1807 is defined by anNMOS transistor 1807A connected between GND and the first NMOStransistor 407 opposite the common node 495. Respective gates of thePMOS transistor 1805A and NMOS transistor 1807A are connected togetherat a node 1804. The pull up feedback logic 1809 is defined by a PMOStransistor 1809A connected between VDD and the first PMOS transistor 401opposite the common node 495. The pull down feedback logic 1811 isdefined by an NMOS transistor 1811A connected between GND and the secondNMOS transistor 405 opposite the common node 495. Respective gates ofthe PMOS transistor 1809A and NMOS transistor 1811A are connectedtogether at the feedback node 1803. It should be understood that theimplementations of pull up driver logic 1805, pull down driver logic1807, pull up feedback logic 1809, and pull down feedback logic 1811 asshown in FIG. 18B are exemplary. In other embodiments, logic differentthan that shown in FIG. 18B can be used to implement the pull up driverlogic 1805, the pull down driver logic 1807, the pull up feedback logic1809, and the pull down feedback logic 1811.

FIG. 18C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 18Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The electrical connection 491 between the gateelectrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and the gate electrode407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 1813, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1815, a via 1817, a (one-dimensional) metal-2structure 1819, a via 1821, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1823,and a gate contact 1825. The electrical connection 493 between the gateelectrode 403A of the second PMOS transistor 403 and the gate electrode405A of the second NMOS transistor 405 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 1827, a (two-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1829, and a gate contact 1831. The common nodeelectrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-level connection thatincludes a diffusion contact 1833, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure1835, a via 1837, a (one-dimensional) metal-2 structure 1839, a via1841, a (two-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1843, and a diffusioncontact 1845. Transistors which form the inverter 1801 are shown withinthe region bounded by the dashed line 1801L.

FIG. 19A shows the latch circuit of FIG. 18A in which the twocross-coupled transistors 401 and 405 remain directly connected to theoutput node 495, and in which the two cross-coupled transistors 403 and407 are positioned outside the pull up driver logic 1805 and pull downdriver logic 1807, respectively, relative to the common node 495, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Pull up driverlogic 1805 is electrically connected between the second PMOS transistor403 and the common node 495. Pull down driver logic 1807 is electricallyconnected between the first NMOS transistor 407 and the common node 495.With the exception of repositioning the PMOS/NMOS transistors 403/407outside of their pull up/down driver logic 1805/1807 relative to thecommon node 495, the circuit of FIG. 19A is the same as the circuit ofFIG. 18A.

FIG. 19B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.19A with a detailed view of the pull up driver logic 1805, pull downdriver logic 1807, pull up feedback logic 1809, and pull down feedbacklogic 1811, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.As previously discussed with regard to FIG. 18B, the pull up feedbacklogic 1809 is defined by the PMOS transistor 1809A connected between VDDand the first PMOS transistor 401 opposite the common node 495. Also,the pull down feedback logic 1811 is defined by NMOS transistor 1811Aconnected between GND and the second NMOS transistor 405 opposite thecommon node 495. Respective gates of the PMOS transistor 1809A and NMOStransistor 1811A are connected together at the feedback node 1803. Thepull up driver logic 1805 is defined by the PMOS transistor 1805Aconnected between the second PMOS transistor 403 and the common node495. The pull down driver logic 1807 is defined by the NMOS transistor1807A connected between the first NMOS transistor 407 and the commonnode 495. Respective gates of the PMOS transistor 1805A and NMOStransistor 1807A are connected together at the node 1804. It should beunderstood that the implementations of pull up driver logic 1805, pulldown driver logic 1807, pull up feedback logic 1809, and pull downfeedback logic 1811 as shown in FIG. 19B are exemplary. In otherembodiments, logic different than that shown in FIG. 19B can be used toimplement the pull up driver logic 1805, the pull down driver logic1807, the pull up feedback logic 1809, and the pull down feedback logic1811.

FIG. 19C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 19Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The electrical connection 491 between the gateelectrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and the gate electrode407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 1901, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1903, a via 1905, a (one-dimensional) metal-2structure 1907, a via 1909, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1911,and a gate contact 1913. The electrical connection 493 between the gateelectrode 403A of the second PMOS transistor 403 and the gate electrode405A of the second NMOS transistor 405 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 1915, a (two-dimensional)metal-1 structure 1917, and a gate contact 1919. The common nodeelectrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-level connection thatincludes a diffusion contact 1921, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure1923, a via 1925, a (one-dimensional) metal-2 structure 1927, a via1929, a (two-dimensional) metal-1 structure 1931, and a diffusioncontact 1933. Transistors which form the inverter 1801 are shown withinthe region bounded by the dashed line 1801L.

FIG. 20A shows the latch circuit of FIG. 18A in which the twocross-coupled transistors 403 and 407 remain directly connected to theoutput node 495, and in which the two cross-coupled transistors 401 and405 are positioned outside the pull up feedback logic 1809 and pull downfeedback logic 1811, respectively, relative to the common node 495, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Pull upfeedback logic 1809 is electrically connected between the first PMOStransistor 401 and the common node 495. Pull down feedback logic 1811 iselectrically connected between the second NMOS transistor 405 and thecommon node 495. With the exception of repositioning the PMOS/NMOStransistors 401/405 outside of their pull up/down feedback logic1809/1811 relative to the common node 495, the circuit of FIG. 20A isthe same as the circuit of FIG. 18A.

FIG. 20B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.20A with a detailed view of the pull up driver logic 1805, pull downdriver logic 1807, pull up feedback logic 1809, and pull down feedbacklogic 1811, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.The pull up feedback logic 1809 is defined by the PMOS transistor 1809Aconnected between the first PMOS transistor 401 and the common node 495.Also, the pull down feedback logic 1811 is defined by NMOS transistor1811A connected between the second NMOS transistor 405 and the commonnode 495. Respective gates of the PMOS transistor 1809A and NMOStransistor 1811A are connected together at the feedback node 1803. Thepull up driver logic 1805 is defined by the PMOS transistor 1805Aconnected between VDD and the second PMOS transistor 403. The pull downdriver logic 1807 is defined by the NMOS transistor 1807A connectedbetween GND and the first NMOS transistor 407. Respective gates of thePMOS transistor 1805A and NMOS transistor 1807A are connected togetherat the node 1804. It should be understood that the implementations ofpull up driver logic 1805, pull down driver logic 1807, pull up feedbacklogic 1809, and pull down feedback logic 1811 as shown in FIG. 20B areexemplary. In other embodiments, logic different than that shown in FIG.20B can be used to implement the pull up driver logic 1805, the pulldown driver logic 1807, the pull up feedback logic 1809, and the pulldown feedback logic 1811.

FIG. 20C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 20Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The electrical connection 491 between the gateelectrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and the gate electrode407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 2001, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 2003, a via 2005, a (one-dimensional) metal-2structure 2007, a via 2009, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 2011,and a gate contact 2013. The electrical connection 493 between the gateelectrode 403A of the second PMOS transistor 403 and the gate electrode405A of the second NMOS transistor 405 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 2015, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 2017, and a gate contact 2019. The common nodeelectrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-level connection thatincludes a diffusion contact 2021, a (two-dimensional) metal-1 structure2023, and a diffusion contact 2025. Transistors which form the inverter1801 are shown within the region bounded by the dashed line 1801L.

FIG. 21A shows a generalized latch circuit in which the cross-coupledtransistors (401, 403, 405, 407) are connected to form two transmissiongates 2103, 2105 to the common node 495, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. As previously discussed, gates ofthe first PMOS transistor 401 and first NMOS transistor 407 areelectrically connected, as shown by electrical connection 491. Also,gates of the second PMOS transistor 403 and second NMOS transistor 405are electrically connected, as shown by electrical connection 493. Thefirst PMOS transistor 401 and second NMOS transistor 405 are connectedto form a first transmission gate 2103 to the common node 495. Thesecond PMOS transistor 403 and first NMOS transistor 407 are connectedto form a second transmission gate 2105 to the common node 495. Feedbacklogic 2109 is electrically connected to both the first PMOS transistor401 and second NMOS transistor 405 at a terminal opposite the commonnode 495. Driving logic 2107 is electrically connected to both thesecond PMOS transistor 403 and first NMOS transistor 407 at a terminalopposite the common node 495. Additionally, the common node 495 isconnected to the input of the inverter 1801. The output of the inverter1801 is electrically connected to a feedback node 2101. It should beunderstood that in other embodiments the inverter 1801 can be replacedby any logic function, such as a two input NOR gate, a two input NANDgate, among others, or any complex logic function.

FIG. 21B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.21A with a detailed view of the driving logic 2107 and feedback logic2109, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Thedriving logic 2107 is defined by an inverter 2107A. Similarly, thefeedback logic 2109 is defined by an inverter 2109A. It should beunderstood that in other embodiments, the driving logic 2107 and/or 2109can be defined by logic other than an inverter.

FIG. 21C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 21Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The electrical connection 491 between the gateelectrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and the gate electrode407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 2111, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 2113, a via 2115, a (one-dimensional) metal-2structure 2117, a via 2119, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 2121,and a gate contact 2123. The electrical connection 493 between the gateelectrode 403A of the second PMOS transistor 403 and the gate electrode405A of the second NMOS transistor 405 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 2125, a (two-dimensional)metal-1 structure 2127, and a gate contact 2129. The common nodeelectrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-level connection thatincludes a diffusion contact 2131, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure2133, a via 2135, a (one-dimensional) metal-2 structure 2137, a via2139, a (two-dimensional) metal-1 structure 2141, and a diffusioncontact 2143. Transistors which form the inverter 2107A are shown withinthe region bounded by the dashed line 2107AL. Transistors which form theinverter 2109A are shown within the region bounded by the dashed line2109AL. Transistors which form the inverter 1801 are shown within theregion bounded by the dashed line 1801L.

FIG. 22A shows a generalized latch circuit in which two transistors(403, 407) of the four cross-coupled transistors are connected to form atransmission gate 2105 to the common node 495, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. As previously discussed, gates ofthe first PMOS transistor 401 and first NMOS transistor 407 areelectrically connected, as shown by electrical connection 491. Also,gates of the second PMOS transistor 403 and second NMOS transistor 405are electrically connected, as shown by electrical connection 493. Thesecond PMOS transistor 403 and first NMOS transistor 407 are connectedto form the transmission gate 2105 to the common node 495. Driving logic2201 is electrically connected to both the second PMOS transistor 403and first NMOS transistor 407 at a terminal opposite the common node495. Pull up feedback logic 2203 is electrically connected to the firstPMOS transistor 401 at a terminal opposite the common node 495. Also,pull down feedback logic 2205 is electrically connected to the secondNMOS transistor 405 at a terminal opposite the common node 495.

FIG. 22B shows an exemplary implementation of the latch circuit of FIG.22A with a detailed view of the driving logic 2201, the pull up feedbacklogic 2203, and the pull down feedback logic 2205, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The driving logic 2201 isdefined by an inverter 2201A. The pull up feedback logic 2203 is definedby a PMOS transistor 2203A connected between VDD and the first PMOStransistor 401. The pull down feedback logic 2205 is defined by an NMOStransistor 2205A connected between GND and the second NMOS transistor405. Respective gates of the PMOS transistor 2203A and NMOS transistor2205A are connected together at the feedback node 2101. It should beunderstood that in other embodiments, the driving logic 2201 can bedefined by logic other than an inverter. Also, it should be understoodthat in other embodiments, the pull up feedback logic 2203 and/or pulldown feedback logic 2205 can be defined logic different than what isshown in FIG. 22B.

FIG. 22C shows a multi-level layout of the latch circuit of FIG. 22Bimplemented using a restricted gate level layout architecturecross-coupled transistor layout, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The electrical connection 491 between the gateelectrode 401A of the first PMOS transistor 401 and the gate electrode407A of the first NMOS transistor 407 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 2207, a (one-dimensional)metal-1 structure 2209, a via 2211, a (one-dimensional) metal-2structure 2213, a via 2215, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure 2217,and a gate contact 2219. The electrical connection 493 between the gateelectrode 403A of the second PMOS transistor 403 and the gate electrode405A of the second NMOS transistor 405 is formed by a multi-levelconnection that includes a gate contact 2221, a (two-dimensional)metal-1 structure 2223, and a gate contact 2225. The common nodeelectrical connection 495 is formed by a multi-level connection thatincludes a diffusion contact 2227, a (one-dimensional) metal-1 structure2229, a via 2231, a (one-dimensional) metal-2 structure 2233, a via2235, a (two-dimensional) metal-1 structure 2237, and a diffusioncontact 2239. Transistors which form the inverter 2201A are shown withinthe region bounded by the dashed line 2201AL. Transistors which form theinverter 1801 are shown within the region bounded by the dashed line1801L.

EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

In one embodiment, a cross-coupled transistor configuration is definedwithin a semiconductor chip. This embodiment is illustrated in part withregard to FIG. 2. In this embodiment, a first P channel transistor (401)is defined to include a first gate electrode (401A) defined in a gatelevel of the chip. Also, a first N channel transistor (407) is definedto include a second gate electrode (407A) defined in the gate level ofthe chip. The second gate electrode (407A) of the first N channeltransistor (407) is electrically connected to the first gate electrode(401A) of the first P channel transistor (401). Further, a second Pchannel transistor (403) is defined to include a third gate electrode(403A) defined in the gate level of a chip. Also, a second N channeltransistor (405) is defined to include a fourth gate electrode (405A)defined in the gate level of the chip. The fourth gate electrode (405A)of the second N channel transistor (405) is electrically connected tothe third gate electrode (403A) of the second P channel transistor(403). Additionally, each of the first P channel transistor (401), firstN channel transistor (407), second P channel transistor (403), andsecond N channel transistor (405) has a respective diffusion terminalelectrically connected to a common node (495).

It should be understood that in some embodiments, one or more of thefirst P channel transistor (401), the first N channel transistor (407),the second P channel transistor (403), and the second N channeltransistor (405) can be respectively implemented by a number oftransistors electrically connected in parallel. In this instance, thetransistors that are electrically connected in parallel can beconsidered as one device corresponding to either of the first P channeltransistor (401), the first N channel transistor (407), the second Pchannel transistor (403), and the second N channel transistor (405). Itshould be understood that electrical connection of multiple transistorsin parallel to form a given transistor of the cross-coupled transistorconfiguration can be utilized to achieve a desired drive strength forthe given transistor.

In one embodiment, each of the first (401A), second (407A), third(403A), and fourth (405A) gate electrodes is defined to extend along anyof a number of gate electrode tracks, such as described with regard toFIG. 3. The number of gate electrode tracks extend across the gate levelof the chip in a parallel orientation with respect to each other. Also,it should be understood that each of the first (401A), second (407A),third (403A), and fourth (405A) gate electrodes corresponds to a portionof a respective gate level feature defined within a gate level featurelayout channel. Each gate level feature is defined within its gate levelfeature layout channel without physically contacting another gate levelfeature defined within an adjoining gate level feature layout channel.Each gate level feature layout channel is associated with a given gateelectrode track and corresponds to a layout region that extends alongthe given gate electrode track and perpendicularly outward in eachopposing direction from the given gate electrode track to a closest ofeither an adjacent gate electrode track or a virtual gate electrodetrack outside a layout boundary, such as described with regard to FIG.3B.

In various implementations of the above-described embodiment, such as inthe exemplary layouts of FIGS. 10, 11, 14C, 15C, 16C, 17C, 18C, 19C,20C, 21C, 22C, the second gate electrode (407A) is electricallyconnected to the first gate electrode (401A) through at least oneelectrical conductor defined within any chip level other than the gatelevel. And, the fourth gate electrode (405A) is electrically connectedto the third gate electrode (403A) through at least one electricalconductor defined within any chip level other than the gate level.

In various implementations of the above-described embodiment, such as inthe exemplary layout of FIG. 13, both the second gate electrode (407A)and the first gate electrode (401A) are formed from a single gate levelfeature that is defined within a same gate level feature layout channelthat extends along a single gate electrode track over both a p typediffusion region and an n type diffusion region. And, the fourth gateelectrode (405A) is electrically connected to the third gate electrode(403A) through at least one electrical conductor defined within any chiplevel other than the gate level.

In various implementations of the above-described embodiment, such as inthe exemplary layouts of FIG. 12, both the second gate electrode (407A)and the first gate electrode (401A) are formed from a first gate levelfeature that is defined within a first gate level feature layout channelthat extends along a first gate electrode track over both a p typediffusion region and an n type diffusion region. And, both the fourthgate electrode (405A) and the third gate electrode (403A) are formedfrom a second gate level feature that is defined within a second gatelevel feature layout channel that extends along a second gate electrodetrack over both a p type diffusion region and an n type diffusionregion.

In one embodiment, the above-described gate electrode cross-coupledtransistor configuration is used to implement a multiplexer having notransmission gates. This embodiment is illustrated in part with regardto FIGS. 14-15. In this embodiment, a first configuration of pull-uplogic (1401) is electrically connected to the first P channel transistor(401), a first configuration of pull-down logic (1407) electricallyconnected to the first N channel transistor (407), a secondconfiguration of pull-up logic (1405) electrically connected to thesecond P channel transistor (403), and a second configuration ofpull-down logic (1403) electrically connected to the second N channeltransistor (405).

In the particular embodiments of FIGS. 14B and 15B, the firstconfiguration of pull-up logic (1401) is defined by a third P channeltransistor (1401A), and the second configuration of pull-down logic(1403) is defined by a third N channel transistor (1403A). Respectivegates of the third P channel transistor (1401A) and third N channeltransistor (1403A) are electrically connected together so as to receivea substantially equivalent electrical signal. Moreover, the firstconfiguration of pull-down logic (1407) is defined by a fourth N channeltransistor (1407A), and the second configuration of pull-up logic (1405)is defined by a fourth P channel transistor (1405A). Respective gates ofthe fourth P channel transistor (1405A) and fourth N channel transistor(1407A) are electrically connected together so as to receive asubstantially equivalent electrical signal.

In one embodiment, the above-described gate electrode cross-coupledtransistor configuration is used to implement a multiplexer having onetransmission gate. This embodiment is illustrated in part with regard toFIG. 17. In this embodiment, a first configuration of pull-up logic(1703) is electrically connected to the first P channel transistor(401), a first configuration of pull-down logic (1705) electricallyconnected to the second N channel transistor (405), and mux drivinglogic (1701) is electrically connected to both the second P channeltransistor (403) and the first N channel transistor (407).

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 17B, the first configuration ofpull-up logic (1703) is defined by a third P channel transistor (1703A),and the first configuration of pull-down logic (1705) is defined by athird N channel transistor (1705A). Respective gates of the third Pchannel transistor (1703A) and third N channel transistor (1705A) areelectrically connected together so as to receive a substantiallyequivalent electrical signal. Also, the mux driving logic (1701) isdefined by an inverter (1701A).

In one embodiment, the above-described gate electrode cross-coupledtransistor configuration is used to implement a latch having notransmission gates. This embodiment is illustrated in part with regardto FIGS. 18-20. In this embodiment, pull-up driver logic (1805) iselectrically connected to the second P channel transistor (403),pull-down driver logic (1807) is electrically connected to the first Nchannel transistor (407), pull-up feedback logic (1809) is electricallyconnected to the first P channel transistor (401), and pull-downfeedback logic (1811) is electrically connected to the second N channeltransistor (405). Also, the latch includes an inverter (1801) having aninput connected to the common node (495) and an output connected to afeedback node (1803). Each of the pull-up feedback logic (1809) andpull-down feedback logic (1811) is connected to the feedback node(1803).

In the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 18B, 19B, and 20B, the pull-updriver logic (1805) is defined by a third P channel transistor (1805A),and the pull-down driver logic (1807) is defined by a third N channeltransistor (1807A). Respective gates of the third P channel transistor(1805A) and third N channel transistor (1807A) are electricallyconnected together so as to receive a substantially equivalentelectrical signal. Additionally, the pull-up feedback logic (1809) isdefined by a fourth P channel transistor (1809A), and the pull-downfeedback logic (1811) is defined by a fourth N channel transistor(1811A). Respective gates of the fourth P channel transistor (1809A) andfourth N channel transistor (1811A) are electrically connected togetherat the feedback node (1803).

In one embodiment, the above-described gate electrode cross-coupledtransistor configuration is used to implement a latch having twotransmission gates. This embodiment is illustrated in part with regardto FIG. 21. In this embodiment, driving logic (2107) is electricallyconnected to both the second P channel transistor (403) and the first Nchannel transistor (407). Also, feedback logic (2109) is electricallyconnected to both the first P channel transistor (401) and the second Nchannel transistor (405). The latch further includes a first inverter(1801) having an input connected to the common node (495) and an outputconnected to a feedback node (2101). The feedback logic (2109) iselectrically connected to the feedback node (2101). In the exemplaryembodiment of FIG. 21B, the driving logic (2107) is defined by a secondinverter (2107A), and the feedback logic (2109) is defined by a thirdinverter (2109A).

In one embodiment, the above-described gate electrode cross-coupledtransistor configuration is used to implement a latch having onetransmission gate. This embodiment is illustrated in part with regard toFIG. 22. In this embodiment, driving logic (2201) is electricallyconnected to both the second P channel transistor (403) and the first Nchannel transistor (407). Also, pull up feedback logic (2203) iselectrically connected to the first P channel transistor (401), and pulldown feedback logic (2205) electrically connected to the second Nchannel transistor (405). The latch further includes a first inverter(1801) having an input connected to the common node (495) and an outputconnected to a feedback node (2101). Both the pull up feedback logic(2203) and pull down feedback logic (2205) are electrically connected tothe feedback node (2101). In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 22B, thedriving logic (2201) is defined by a second inverter (2201A). Also, thepull up feedback logic (2203) is defined by a third P channel transistor(2203A) electrically connected between the first P channel transistor(401) and the feedback node (2101). The pull down feedback logic (2205)is defined by a third N channel transistor (2205A) electricallyconnected between the second N channel transistor (405) and the feedbacknode (2101).

It should be understood that the cross-coupled transistor layoutsimplemented within the restricted gate level layout architecture asdisclosed herein can be stored in a tangible form, such as in a digitalformat on a computer readable medium. Also, the invention describedherein can be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readablemedium. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that canstore data which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examplesof the computer readable medium include hard drives, network attachedstorage NAS), read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs,CD-RWs, magnetic tapes, and other optical and non-optical data storagedevices. The computer readable medium can also be distributed over anetwork of coupled computer systems so that the computer readable codeis stored and executed in a distributed fashion.

Any of the operations described herein that form part of the inventionare useful machine operations. The invention also relates to a device oran apparatus for performing these operations. The apparatus may bespecially constructed for the required purpose, such as a specialpurpose computer. When defined as a special purpose computer, thecomputer can also perform other processing, program execution orroutines that are not part of the special purpose, while still beingcapable of operating for the special purpose. Alternatively, theoperations may be processed by a general purpose computer selectivelyactivated or configured by one or more computer programs stored in thecomputer memory, cache, or obtained over a network. When data isobtained over a network the data maybe processed by other computers onthe network, e.g., a cloud of computing resources.

The embodiments of the present invention can also be defined as amachine that transforms data from one state to another state. The datamay represent an article, that can be represented as an electronicsignal and electronically manipulate data. The transformed data can, insome cases, be visually depicted on a display, representing the physicalobject that results from the transformation of data. The transformeddata can be saved to storage generally, or in particular formats thatenable the construction or depiction of a physical and tangible object.In some embodiments, the manipulation can be performed by a processor.In such an example, the processor thus transforms the data from onething to another. Still further, the methods can be processed by one ormore machines or processors that can be connected over a network. Eachmachine can transform data from one state or thing to another, and canalso process data, save data to storage, transmit data over a network,display the result, or communicate the result to another machine.

While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments,it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art upon reading thepreceding specifications and studying the drawings will realize variousalterations, additions, permutations and equivalents thereof. Therefore,it is intended that the present invention includes all such alterations,additions, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spiritand scope of the invention.

1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate having a portion ofthe substrate formed to include a plurality of diffusion regions,wherein the plurality of diffusion regions respectively correspond toactive areas of the portion of the substrate within which one or moreprocesses are applied to modify one or more electrical characteristicsof the active areas of the portion of the substrate, wherein theplurality of diffusion regions include a first p-type diffusion region,a second p-type diffusion region, a first n-type diffusion region, and asecond n-type diffusion region, wherein the first p-type diffusionregion includes a first p-type active area electrically connected to acommon node, wherein the second p-type diffusion region includes asecond p-type active area electrically connected to the common node,wherein the first n-type diffusion region includes a first n-type activearea electrically connected to the common node, and wherein the secondn-type diffusion region includes a second n-type active areaelectrically connected to the common node; and a gate electrode levelregion formed above the portion of the substrate, the gate electrodelevel region including a number of conductive features defined to extendover the substrate in only a first parallel direction, wherein each ofthe number of conductive features within the gate electrode level regionis fabricated from a respective originating rectangular-shaped layoutfeature, such that a centerline of each respective originatingrectangular-shaped layout feature is aligned with a corresponding gateelectrode track extending across the substrate the first paralleldirection, wherein the number of conductive features include conductivefeatures that respectively form a first PMOS transistor device gateelectrode, a second PMOS transistor device gate electrode, a first NMOStransistor device gate electrode, and a second NMOS transistor devicegate electrode, wherein the first PMOS transistor device gate electrodeis formed to extend along a first gate electrode track over the firstp-type diffusion region to electrically interface with the first p-typeactive area and thereby form a first PMOS transistor device, wherein thesecond PMOS transistor device gate electrode is formed to extend along asecond gate electrode track over the second p-type diffusion region toelectrically interface with the second p-type active area and therebyform a second PMOS transistor device, wherein the first NMOS transistordevice gate electrode is formed to extend along the first gate electrodetrack over the first n-type diffusion region to electrically interfacewith the first n-type active area and thereby form a first NMOStransistor device, wherein the second NMOS transistor device gateelectrode is formed to extend along the second gate electrode track overthe second n-type diffusion region to electrically interface with thesecond n-type active area and thereby form a second NMOS transistordevice, and wherein the first PMOS transistor device gate electrode iselectrically connected to the second NMOS transistor device gateelectrode through a first set of interconnected conductors, and whereinthe second PMOS transistor device gate electrode is electricallyconnected to the first NMOS transistor device gate electrode through asecond set of interconnected conductors, wherein the first and secondsets of interconnected conductors traverse across each other withindifferent levels of the semiconductor device, and whereby the first PMOStransistor device, the second PMOS transistor device, the first NMOStransistor device, the second NMOS transistor device define across-coupled transistor configuration having commonly oriented gateelectrodes formed from respective rectangular-shaped layout features.